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The other "–icides"
Rodenticides
- Coumarin (Warfarin and Ratoxin)
- Primary target rats and mice
- Anticoagulant
- Require repeated feeding to work
- Broad spectrum – can affect cats, dogs and people – care must be taken to preclude exposure of non-target species
- Degrade is slow in the environment
- Generally in bait stations or other self-contained medium so, despite persistence, environmental contamination is improbable
- Brodifacoum (Talon & d-con)
- Primary target rats and mice
- Anticoagulant
- Requires only a single feeding to work
- Broad spectrum – can affect cats, dogs and people – care must be taken to preclude exposure of non-target species
- Degrade is slow in the environment
- Generally in bait stations or other self-contained medium so, despite persistence, environmental contamination is improbable
- Chlorophacinone (Rozol)
- Not targeted specifically for rats & mice
- Anticoagulant
- Requires only a single feeding to work
- Broad spectrum – can affect cats, dogs and people – care must be taken to preclude exposure of non-target species
- Degrade is slow in the environment
- Generally in bait stations or other self-contained medium so, despite persistence, environmental contamination is improbable
Rodenticide, Predacide, & Avicide
- Strychnine (natural alkaloid extracted from Strychnos nux vomica)
- Used in FS western regions to control plague vectors
- Requires only a single feeding to work
- Broad spectrum – can affect many non-target species – care must be taken to preclude exposure of non-target species
- Degrade is slow in the environment
- Generally in bait stations or other self-contained medium so, despite persistence, environmental contamination is improbable
- RESTRICTED-USE – may be legally applied only by certified professionals
Molluscicides & Avicide
- None currently in use in forestry
- Slug control (molluscicide) or bird control
- Methiocarb (Mesurol)
- Has some insecticidal capacity also
- Slow degrade
Animal Repellants
- Thiram
- Effective rodent repellant
- Only one known to have been used by the FS in the southeast
- Use rare – generally associated with rabbit dispersal in regeneration areas
- Complex polysaccharide mix (Ro-Pel)
- Effective against birds, rodents and mammals
- Low impact on target species
- Low negative impacts on non-targets
- Relatively rapid and complete degrade
- Putrescent egg solids (BGR [Big Game Repellant])
- Effective at preventing grazing by deer and elk
- Bloodmeal (Plantskyyd)
- Deer, rabbit and elk are specifically noted – regeneration, primary used as a protectant of the seedlings
- Bloodmeal and putrescent egg solids are on the EPA list of minimum risk pesticides
- Capsacian (various Hot Sauce…; Active ingredient derived from tobasco peppers)
- Effective against many large mammals
Fungicide and Rodent Repellant
- Thiram
- Used primarily in nurseries to prevent needle diseases and also to dissuade rodent feeding on seedlings
Fungicides
- Borax (Sporax)
- Primary use is to prevent colonization of pine stumps by Heterobasidion annosum, cause of annosus root disease
- Little activity against non-targets other than other fungi
- Barrier or preventive only, not therapeutic if infection already exists
- Captan and Ferbam
- Used primarily in nurseries to prevent damping-off of seedlings (root and root collar fungal attack)
- Sometimes ferbam is used over-the-top on seedlings as a preventive treatment against fusiform rust infection
- Triadimefon (Bayleton)
- Used in nurseries to prevent needle blights
- Primary use in the Southeast has been to prevent fusiform rust infection of pine seedlings
- Also used as an additive in root dip slurries to confer anti-rust protection to pine seedlings being outplanted
- Propaconizole (Alamo)
- Primarily used as a therapeutant for trees affected by oak wilt
- Application is by injectioin which can cause damage to the tree
- About a 75% effectiveness on treated trees, but only effective against current infection, no prevention/protectant benefit
- Phlebia gigantea
- Fungus effective in reducing the future effect of annosus root rot in stands infected by Heterobasidion annosum prior to harvest
- NOT REGISTERED
- Previously used under permissive 1970’s letter from the EPA as an augmentive treatment (Pg is common in the woods)
- Letter revoked in late 1990s and only low probability of registration
- Copper sulfate (Bordeaux Mixture & others)
- Oldest of the fungicides, this classic is effective against many mildews and other needle blights
- Use in nurseries has been relatively minor
- Benomyl (Benlate)
- Used in nurseries as a seedling protectant
- Last of the forestry registrations for this product were cancelled in 2001
- May use existing stocks, but no new product will become available
Piscicide
- Rotenone
- Previously discussed
- See… Rotenone in the aquatic pesticide section
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